By Volker Steger and Wolfgang Stieler
the mid-1980s, the U.S. physicist Joseph Weber devised a simple method to specific elementary, neutrinos to detect. In order to finance his research, he even tried to to win U.S. Navy. But neither the scientific Community nor the U.S. Militr lieen to ultimately convince Weber and after his death in September 2000, the experiments were forgotten.
Technology Review Constitution only notes and not binding on state violence. The Basic Law is therefore in this point a remarkable progress. It raises the question: Who has dignity, whose dignity is protected? And: How are decent conditions, conditions under which one can live in dignity? The way to a reply, Article 1, paragraph 3: "The following basic rights bind the legislature, executive and judiciary as directly applicable law." Thus, then, Article 20, included in paragraph 1: "The Federal Republic of Germany is a democratic and social federal state . This means that the dignity of the Basic Law can not be separated from the social backups. Therefore, a certain degree of anxiety right is granted by the Constitution. The protection of human dignity requires that we must create conditions under which people may preserve something of dignity.
Another important law is the foundation that we are in a society of migration, asylum and exodus of living. We are conceived in an era in which people are traveling a lot and looking for their promised lands or persecuted and have to flee. Therefore, Article 16, paragraph 2: "Politically Persecuted enjoy asylum" This protection has in Germany have a special significance in the Nazi era, many people, particularly intellectuals,.. Jews and representatives of the labor movement and other social groupings found asylum in other countries. The right of asylum is the most vulnerable items here in Germany. Also in this context, it is about human dignity. 
I am convinced that work is a key factor of biped is 
. I do not believe that we live beyond a working society. In our society, people need an objective Activity, self-respect and respect to get another. Work has for the identity formation and for the recognition of human remains of central importance.
We live in a social situation in which there is a problem that could have no meaning for many people in the past because they lived in a shortage economy. The Utopians in the history of social thought - such as Thomas More - would that thinking about work, production and wealth, if they saw today's society, say that something is not in this society is in order. For the production of wealth has assumed such proportions that the People could work less. But they are day and night dealing with problems of the business location and with unemployment. What is the Pathogenic in such a society in which occurs this contradiction? . I do not believe that we live beyond a working society. In our society, people need an objective Activity, self-respect and respect to get another. Work has for the identity formation and for the recognition of human remains of central importance. Here I come to a point of human rights, is important in this context. Even in the Declaration of Human Rights in the American Constitution of 1776 is about protecting the integrity of the person and property against injury. It is therefore also protected the property, but not the living processes of work. It is true that the right to work in the UN Declaration of 1948, but actually it is not the vibrant work being protected, but the dead labor, that is private property. Jürgen Seifert has ever demonstrated that taking the changes in the constitution all share a common direction that the items that have the dignity and the social is the subject weaker, and the protection of private property to be strengthened. We are dealing today with a situation where in the world are indeed human rights defended, but these human rights are based on extreme situations of oppression, torture - things so that have to do with the integrity of the person. This defense of human rights is not aimed at the realization of conditions under which people can live truly worthy not living on the work processes. Dignity - as Immanuel Kant - has no price, dignity is the unrepeatable in a personality.
dignity has to do with autonomy and independence, according to Kant ability of the subjects. To live in dignity, also means a kind of self-regulation skills to possess, that is not just to be free from disabilities, but society itself creatively to be working.
belongs to the concept of the dignity of a piece of self-realization of human life in the milieu of a rationally organized society. What the Romans called Dignitas was already focused on independence and autonomy.
But if you do not fulfill the independence of the people can be extended to what we mean by human rights do not realize, really. Despite the necessity of rights codified the latter creates a heaven of ideas about our society, which often has only rhetoric validity. For what does it mean when there in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 10 December 1948 means that every person has the right to life, liberty and security of person? Concerning the right to life is about in a city like Sao Paulo? Of the 14 million people, about six million live in favelas. I was there recently and I have spoken to some who live in those slums. The desire these inhabitants of the favelas is minimal: work, have not begging, not to live by stealing, but from paid work. And the problem of these outsourced and marginalized people is that, even if they get work in the city, under the verdict want to get out of the favela. They are observed, whether they are criminal. And even highly skilled computer specialists, who came from the favelas, are frequently due to their origin, when that is leaked out, again dismissed.
Another example is Afghanistan. I am glad that this terrible Taliban regime is gone and certain human rights violations, particularly discrimination against women and girls, limited. But this company goes into areas where production takes place at all, back to the opium production, unless other conditions of production are produced by strong solidarity benefits of the rich West. If no active and working society emerges, this time to Afghanistan to rely on emergency relief efforts in the Red Cross or elsewhere to get her. A development assistance, which would have the right to life would have become the norm, it will do something, what capitalism is really strange, that make their own viable competitors. The advanced capitalism would come to develop such a thing as solidarity, what its nature is really strange. It would provide a competitor in such a way that is competitive on the world market. We have the fact that ten years the south of the Sahara Africa has been involved with about seven percent of world trade today has shrunk to 0.3 percent. A whole continent was uncoupled in the course of capitalist globalization. In Kenya, Tanzania, the cotton producers to create immense storage warehouse. People continue to work because they are waiting for that at some point someone will come who wants to have their products. And they say they would have always been. But of course they can not use the cotton production in Canada and the United States Is competing. Moreover, something will happen very soon like in China. There was always a major cotton production, which is based on the internal market. But with being part of the WTO now enters the international competition with the much more productive cotton farmers of the West on the plan.
I would like to expand the concept of dignity that is down. This is not a waiver of claims that can be derived from the various declarations of human rights. Certain human rights violations can be pursued even now, standing and I think it's good that mass murderer n n before international courts and rantworten and former heads of state have to be ve. This is a level the legal culture, which I consider essential. But it is not enough.
We know from numerous studies that unemployment for most of the people an act of violence that is done to them. Unemployment leads to collapse a form of disintegration of respect by others and itself, and the space and time coordinates. Unemployment continues to be an attack on the integrity of the personality and perceived as such, regardless of whether the in Sao Paulo, Afghanistan or happens to us. We are dealing here with social systems, the wealth of sources. In Lower Saxony, I must defend myself against things the Conservative government crosses, such as the closure of my institute. From the "abolition of sociology" is meant to in the policy statement of the minister mentioned, is the elimination of sociology. I have calculated that the top three members of the board of Deutsche Bank to earn 51 million euros a year. Some 48 million euros have in Lower Saxony can be saved in the universities. The documents a split between rich and poor, which makes up the scandal of those companies.
It's not that we are the welfare state do not generally able, as landauf, is down the country claimed. We can afford the welfare state not because the big companies not pay more taxes. You pay nothing into a community. Daimler, for example, pays no tax at all. This means that only those who finance the welfare state, have the tax cards. If this opposition is growing, then the degradation takes a different form. For a uch dignity has a distinctly social dimension, in such a way that degradation in Brazil is different than in Germany. For a Brazilian man does work - and no matter how alienated - Would a piece. For our civilization would be enough. Dignity is also related to the respective level of development of society and its cultural definitions. We have in Europe every reason to think deeply about what is the relationship between welfare and dignity. I am of the opinion that have in the war, the Germans were not reconciled with western democracies on forms of education but on the welfare state. The welfare state has taken a lot of fear and thus made autonomous and thus equipped with more dignity. Today's durability of democracy has with the social market economy and the welfare state has close links. The welfare state is not something that you can do without if need be. Where fear prevails and the survival struggle of the people occupied their thoughts and feelings grow commodity of fear throughout the society. I speak deliberately of raw fear. For such survival fears may one day be n of all the other people picked up and used for a democratic social order. The right-lives of such fear. If you reduce the welfare state dramatically increases the survival of human fears and hurt it - even if that is not justiciable - the first article of the constitution, the protection of human dignity. Welfare state is a piece of protection of the dignity of the upright gait, the fear of freedom, human autonomy. When Kant says, have courage to use your own understanding without the guidance of another, then calls he for a man who is of sound mind, which is directed inward in its activities and not a performance-conscious followers.
Only human dignity. The Cicero's seen that way. He said, not the intelligence, but the dignity of man differs from an animal. Would have only the human being. And dignity has no price, which is derived from the square formulation of the problem, you is not replaceable, but dignity has conditions. These lie in how the people shape their world and how he recognizes himself in the world and in it is not alien. Therefore, the notion of alienation and self-alienation to the process of degradation and destruction of recognition. We know about the effect of unemployment, that the recognition problem is central to the unemployed. They feel that recognition decreases as a full human being. Even the neighbors see things differently to one. That is the perception of a man who falls out of a system that is defined as a power system. Very good it is observed in the United States, where the Protestant and Puritan performance criteria are strong. An unemployed person is in this system and sees himself as a failure Sun to fall from the system of paid work out or broken out to be, has in many ways, the personality-limiting and destructive forms.
The risk of human dignity today to do with mechanisms that are based in the capitalist world. In this context, it is often the talk of globalization. Here we are not dealing but with a new aspect of the development of capitalism. In the Communist Manifesto of Marx from 1848 is clear that capital tries to spread over the whole world. The expansion about the international trade n had progressed very far in 1913 and had about the level of today. Quite new to this capitalism is that it has virtually no barriers that have disappeared, first from a lack of competition, the system Beißhemmungen. Second, the capitalist market is always domesticated less by tradition or morality. Adam Smith was not randomly professor of moral philosophy. The elimination of all forms of barriers of tradition and morality currently is what is absolutely new in globalization. Here, of course, play a role in social welfare schemes. There seem to be little things that break away. The dismissal is such a small barrier that is, the collective labor contract is another. There are a number of small barriers fall, and shows the tendency that in terms of flexibility now wants to tear down all the protective walls. In any case, it is believed to have sufficient reasons for it. That means a lot for what Ralf Dahrendorf once called the breaking of ligatures, the binding forces in society.
The identity of the people and thus the dignity of life has something to do with roots. This is not in a superficial sense traditionalization, but with a root network of social and cultural bonds. No child grows up without a reliable, identity-forming environment. If that is destroyed by the creation of a universal flexibility as it emerges on the labor market that threatens the identity function of personality formation by roots.
This problem does even in the universities and into schools. Education is actually a form of storage, it can be created stocks. And what you do not immediately need, you can use at some point. This is replaced by the complete functionalization of the formation of what can be recycled to date. Then come out as short courses. This changes our long-term educational landscape completely and dangerously. This functionalization of the people but will not even benefit from the advanced capital. Here skills are favored, contrary to what need advanced production relations, namely, creativity, cooperation skills, imagination. The focus on immediate usability arises from a purely ideological beliefs.
Where does such a thing? In my opinion, is now increasingly becoming a favored image of man, that man is a living being available on all sides, with continuous call ". Call "there was really only in the utility of hospitals and nursing homes specifically for emergencies. The accessibility is now being transferred to the whole society. The technology, such as the phones, provides tangible benefits of this call ". But something is lost in the processes of personality development that have to do with the stocks in education, with patience, with long-term creation of ideas and thoughts of possibilities.
I would not go into detail on the Agenda 2010 and with what is happening right now in the labor market. Overall, however, to develop structures that are dangerous for the cohesion of society. The solution to all problems is not imposed on those who possess the commodity of labor power. And if they have the potential to a first-AG, they are told that they were on a par with the capitalists. 300 000 I-AGS had been expected, about 50,000 have been created and there were 20,000 bankruptcies and that this indebtedness with shareholders of the self. Apart from that I-AG has been rightly described as word of the year, it belongs to the dictionary of inhumanity. Here autonomy is suggested: If I only decent effort and good will have and not laze and study, moreover, the market situation, then I can get out of the status of unemployment. This is a great social fraud.
The contradictions of the working society based on the following: It is produced with less and less use of living labor more and more. Productivity continues to rise, which takes Warena usstoß too powerful, unit costs are reduced. Is working and working society seen only in the context of the commodity market, then we have to deal with the situation that more and more human labor must be outsourced. This is also in services. There is a study which concludes that for unrestrained use of all the potential for rationalization in the service industries - say, by banks, department stores and insurance - the number of unemployed would soar. These potentials are used but not to the last, even if only because there are unions and there are legal provisions against it. However, it goes in this direction. That is, if society is an appendage of the market and all the social problems of the commodity market to be resolved, then we will see a decoupling of entire populations from the social context of production and exchange.
The business mentality superimposed thinking in economic categories, which means that also occur in areas of family and school erosions. After horrific murders of middle-class children in schools in the United States has been repeatedly ask what the families from which these children. The New York Times has published in a document the schedule of a ten-year-olds and found that the stuffed than that of the parents. This child is very early, has the course you need to practice, his athletic fit. An absurd little thing leads the New York Times also on. The child must be a half hour a day for equity studies at the TV schedule. The American banks have conducted a campaign that children should invest their pocket money in shares. But they certainly need a certain amount of knowledge, so they study the stock market. The reasons for such behavior have to do with existential angst. The American middle class families are at risk right now in an extreme way of social decline. If one has in these middle-class families ten years ago, used about 40 to 50 working hours to keep a certain standard of living, there are now over 100 hours, which are processed in a flexible manner in various jobs. The parents, each other and their children more often. There is a complete fragmentation the family context.
My criticism is directed not against the rationality of the market, but aims at the totalizing function of the market and the privatization craze. All social problems that have arisen should be resolved at the lowest cost through privatization. This leads to a huge cost shift in society. For with the dominance of business at any cost mentality passed on from others to save themselves.
My perspective: We must return to the everyday questions not only the contexts of life, but also the working relationships. We need the reorganization of work in society Indeed, reductions of those working time that is necessary for production of goods. This is essential in the long term, but must be coupled with thinking about what are some community work, community work sites for health, for education, for all things having to do with the personal development of people. We must establish a new balance, social conditions under which can be considered something of a protection of human dignity for all. In this sense, human rights are rights to political struggle and not just property rights remain. We need to protect human dignity connect to the production of conditions under where dignity is possible. I think this is central.
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